Model | Variables | Limitations | |
Leavitt’s model | • Structure • Technology | • People • Tasks | • Environment and ecosphere not present • Inputs and outputs missing |
Weisbord’s model | • Purpose • Structure • Rewards • Helpful mechanisms | • Relationships • Leadership • Environment | • Does not show interdependencies clearly • Ecosphere not present |
Congruence model | • Informal arrangements • Formal arrangements | • Task • Individual • (inputs/outputs) | • In the long-term, congruence leads to change resistance • Ecosphere not present |
McKinsey 7s model | • Systems • Strategy • Structure | • Style • Shared values • Staff • Skills | • Environment and ecosphere not present • Inputs and outputs missing |
Burke-Litwin model | • External Environment • Leadership • Mission and strategy • Culture • Management practices • Structure • Systems | • Climate • Motivation • Skills/job match • Individual needs and values • Performance • (feedback loops) | • Too many variables • Too complex • Ecosphere not present |
Bilal & Wang model | • Leadership • Strategy • Systems • Structure • Environment | • Ecosphere not present |