Model

Variables

Limitations

Leavitt’s model

•  Structure

•  Technology

•  People

•  Tasks

•  Environment and ecosphere not present

•  Inputs and outputs missing

Weisbord’s model

•  Purpose

•  Structure

•  Rewards

•  Helpful mechanisms

•  Relationships

•  Leadership

•  Environment

•  Does not show interdependencies clearly

•  Ecosphere not present

Congruence model

•  Informal arrangements

•  Formal arrangements

•  Task

•  Individual

•  (inputs/outputs)

•  In the long-term, congruence leads to change resistance

•  Ecosphere not present

McKinsey 7s model

•  Systems

•  Strategy

•  Structure

•  Style

•  Shared values

•  Staff

•  Skills

•  Environment  and ecosphere not present

•  Inputs and outputs missing

Burke-Litwin model

•  External Environment

•  Leadership

•  Mission and strategy

•  Culture

•  Management practices

•  Structure

•  Systems

•  Climate

•  Motivation

•  Skills/job match

•  Individual needs and values

•  Performance

•  (feedback loops)

•  Too many variables

•  Too complex

•  Ecosphere not present

Bilal & Wang model

•  Leadership

•  Strategy

•  Systems

•  Structure

•  Environment

•  Ecosphere not present